The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is the workhorse of Industrial Control systems. It uses digital and analog I/O modules to interface to sensors, actuators and other equipment. These I/O modules must meet stringent electrical specifications and designers face challenges in conditioning and converting these signals. In addition, increasing levels of embedded processing and connectivity can be seen on these modules. Variations of the PLC include the Programmable Automation Controller (PAC) which has more integration and processing functions to tackle more complex operations and the Distributed Control System (DCS) which is used extensively in process control. The DCS uses distributed controllers, each performing a specific task, connected together by networks for communication and monitoring. A central control room is typically used for an entire plant.
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